Predictors of Misconduct Between and Within Adults Serving Long-Term Sentences

Drawing on importation and deprivation perspectives and integrating developmental/life-course criminology, the current study examines predictors of change in major and minor misconduct incidences, over a 16-year period, among a sample of 1,125 adults in custody serving long-term sentences. Findings from mixed-effects regression models revealed that factors of the prison environment such as custody level, visitation, facility transfers, and program participation directly shape the behavior of those incarcerated. Most notably, findings suggest that factors that explain differences in misconduct among those incarcerated may not necessarily explain individual changes in misconduct. Results highlight the important need for research that focuses on the experiences of individuals with long-term sentences, and the value of integrating a life-course perspective to inform policy that extends beyond static risk assessments to understand the influence of correctional factors that may promote behavior change.