Energy drinks consumption and biochemical changes in liver and kidney function: A comparative cross-sectional study among university students.

BACKGROUND: Energy drinks (EDs) are widely consumed by young adults to enhance mental and physical performance, yet their potential health risks remain a global concern. This study investigates the association between ED consumption and markers of liver and kidney function. DESIGN AND METHODS: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among Palestinian university students in 2024. Data were collected from 600 participants (392 ED users and 208 non-users) via questionnaires and venous blood sampling. The questionnaire assessed demographics, ED consumption patterns, and lifestyle habits. Blood samples were analyzed for creatinine, urea, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and albumin. Statistical analyses were performed to identify correlations. RESULTS: The study included 600 students (mean age: 20.3 ± 1.79 years; 59.7% female). Participants were stratified into frequent users (34%), infrequent users (31.3%), and non-users (34.7%). Univariate analysis revealed statistically significant differences in creatinine, ALT, and albumin levels across the groups (p = 0.007, 0.014, and 0.041, respectively), with the highest biomarker levels observed in frequent users. However, multivariable linear regression, adjusting for potential confounders, showed no significant independent association between ED consumption frequency and markers of hepatic or renal function. CONCLUSION: Early signs of renal and hepatic stress are observed among frequent ED users. These findings underscore the importance of public health awareness regarding ED consumption patterns in young adult populations.