Oligodendrocyte dysfunction contributes to motor deficits and Purkinje cell axonopathy in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a neurodegenerative disease marked by progressive motor deficits and Purkinje cell (PC) degeneration, driven by polyglutamine expansion in ataxin-1. While oligodendroglial dysfunction precedes PC loss, its direct contribution toward SCA1 pathogenesis remains unclear. Here, using an oligodendroglia-specific SCA1 conditional knockin mouse model, we demonstrate that mutant ataxin-1 in oligodendrocytes is sufficient to drive aspects of SCA1-related pathology, including dysregulated myelination, PC axonal shrinkage, and torpedo formation, ultimately impairing motor coordination. Transcriptomic analysis uncovers cerebellar oligodendrocyte subtypes with distinct gene expression signatures and aberrant abundance that contribute to demyelination. This, compounded by a progressive decline in the neuroprotective functions of a cerebellum-specific oligodendrocyte subtype, establishes a critical link between demyelination, axo-myelinic dysfunction, and axonal pathology in SCA1. Upstream transcriptional regulator analysis in oligodendroglia identifies transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) and huntingtin (HTT) as key mediators of oligodendroglial dysfunction in SCA1, suggesting shared pathogenic mechanisms with other polyglutamine diseases. Collectively, these findings establish oligodendroglia as key mediators of SCA1 pathogenesis and underscore their critical role in preserving PC axonal integrity.