Sustainable protein for the halal market: economic feasibility and regulatory pathways for edible insects in Muslim-majority economies

Abstract Global food systems are under increasing pressure to meet rising protein demands, with traditional livestock production contributing significantly to environmental degradation. Edible insects, offering high nutritional value and a low ecological footprint, present a promising alternative protein source. However, their adoption in Muslim-majority regions is hindered by complex halal requirements and fragmented regulatory frameworks. This review examines the intersection of sustainability, religious permissibility, and economic feasibility of insect-based protein in halal markets. While edible insects require fewer resources compared to conventional livestock, halal certification remains a critical factor for consumer trust and market viability, though its availability varies in specific jurisdictions. permissive authorities, such as Singapore’s MUIS, approve several insect species, while more conservative regions, such as the GCC, restrict approval largely to locusts. Despite these regulatory challenges, market potential is significant, with Muslim consumers willing to pay premiums for halal-certified insect protein, especially in processed food forms. Harmonizing regulatory standards and promoting consumer education could reduce certification delays, ease trade barriers, and foster broader acceptance of insect-based proteins. This review highlights the need for interdisciplinary research to explore long-term economic viability, consumer y, and technological innovations to support the mainstreaming of halal insect protein.