Targeting mitochondrial ribosomal proteins: a functional and translational framework for neurodegenerative disease research.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a central feature of neurodegenerative diseases, yet the molecular mechanisms governing mitochondrial protein synthesis remain insufficiently understood. Mitochondrial ribosomal proteins (MRPs), essential for the translation of mitochondrial-encoded components of the oxidative phosphorylation system, are emerging as critical regulators of neuronal homeostasis and survival. In this mini-review, we examine current knowledge on mitochondrial ribosomes with a focused analysis of three mitochondrial ribosomal proteins-MRPL44, NAM9, and GEP3-highlighting their structural and functional roles in maintaining mitochondrial integrity. We discuss evidence linking alterations in these proteins to key pathogenic processes relevant to neurodegeneration, including impaired oxidative phosphorylation, increased oxidative stress, and defective mitochondrial quality control. Importantly, we propose an integrative research perspective that positions these MRPs as potential modulators of tissue-specific vulnerability in neurodegenerative disorders. By synthesizing available data and identifying critical knowledge gaps, we outline future directions aimed at elucidating their contribution to neuronal dysfunction and disease progression. This work underscores mitochondrial ribosomal proteins as underexplored determinants of neurodegenerative pathology and suggests that their systematic investigation may reveal novel mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities.