A Survey of Threshold Signatures: NIST Standards, Post-Quantum Cryptography, Exotic Techniques, and Real-World Applications

Threshold digital signatures enable a distributed execution of signature functionalities and will play a crucial role in the security of emerging decentralized next-generation networked systems and applications. In this article, we provide a comprehensive and systematic survey of threshold and distributed signatures with advanced features. Our survey encompasses threshold signatures in conventional and post-quantum cryptography (PQC) settings and captures custom-design and standard signatures (e.g., conventional NIST and NIST-PQC). We examine both generic (via secure multi-party computation) and custom thresholding techniques for a myriad of signature families while investigating exotic signatures, real-life applications, and potential future research directions.