An Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian Method for Tire Transient Rolling Dynamics and Resistance Analysis

Growing demands for fuel economy, driving safety and ride comfort require an accurate assessment of tire dynamics and rolling resistance evolution under variable-speed conditions. Conventional Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) methods are efficient for steady-state rolling, but fail in transient scenarios due to uniform motion assumptions. A transient-rolling ALE method is proposed by incorporating the guiding velocity and its time derivative into the momentum equation. Meanwhile, a novel rolling convective update algorithm is designed to handle the mesh nodal displacement field and the state variables. Numerical examples verify its accuracy, extending ALE applicability for transient tire performance evaluation.