Thomas Donaldson
Long's argument that an intrinsic approach to the value of autonomy could allow an autonomy-based approach to assisted dying to avoid the expressivist objection fails because autonomy is not the only morally valuable goal, so moral values other than autonomy also require consideration in ethical decision-making about requests for assisted dying. Accepting requests for assisted dying because respecting patients' autonomy is considered more valuable than patients' lives still expresses value judgements about their lives. This can only be avoided by considering autonomy to be the only, or supreme, moral value, making all other moral considerations irrelevant, which faces a number of significant challenges. Furthermore, catalytic and intrinsic approaches to the value of autonomy are not incompatible or mutually exclusive, which can be explained by understanding autonomy to be valuable because it is necessary for human agency. Agency-based virtue ethics, understanding the virtues to be the traits which promote human agency in terms of the production and realisation of goals, explains this fundamental importance of autonomy and human agency to morality, as well as providing the virtues as a moral framework for understanding how the autonomous actions of human agents can be considered virtuous or vicious depending on whether they promote or hinder human agency.