Game-based learning in microbiology education: design and classroom use of MicroBioCombat.

Microbiology is often perceived by students as a challenging subject, particularly when addressing pathogenic mechanisms and disease transmission. Active learning approaches, including educational games, have been shown to enhance student engagement and conceptual understanding by integrating playful elements with scientific content. In this study, we present MicroBioCombat, a card-based educational game developed for use in secondary school microbiology education. The game comprises 81 cards representing pathogenic bacteria, transmission routes and prophylactic or therapeutic strategies. During gameplay, students combine cards to simulate infection scenarios and corresponding defence mechanisms, with the aim of reducing their opponent's score to zero. Beyond reinforcing microbiological concepts, MicroBioCombat promotes peer interaction, communication and decision-making, contributing to a more dynamic and inclusive classroom environment. The game is adaptable to different educational levels and curricular contexts, and an accompanying online forum enables educators and students to share experiences and gameplay strategies, supporting collaborative and reflective learning.