Toward a better understanding of the ecological roles of extracellular vesicles from plant-associated bacteria

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from phytobacteria are emerging key ecological actors of plant-bacteria interactions. They can promote colonization of the host by delivering virulence factors and cell wall-degrading enzymes. Extracellular vesicles also modulate the plant immunity by transporting compounds that either induce or suppress plant defense responses. Furthermore, they mediate interspecies and inter-kingdom communication, influencing microbial community dynamics. This review highlights the involvement of bacterial EVs in many parts of the plant-bacteria dialog. We emphasize the need for studying EVs from phytobacteria to better understand plant-bacteria interactions and the possible use of bacterial EVs in a One Health context.