Amine-rich cross-linking templates enabling toughened self-assembled monolayer for stable perovskite solar modules.

As the most popular hole-selective materials in efficient p-i-n perovskite solar cells (PSCs), self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) still remain great challenges in long-term stability due to their frail construction and week bonding. To form a toughened donor-acceptor interface, here, we adopt an amine-rich cross-linking templates for SAM layer growth. The enhanced Coulombic interaction between polymer amines and SAMs promotes the formation of SAM growth networks, resulting in reduced self-aggregation of SAMs and the uniform SAM films with high coverage. This design minimizes substrate exposure and suppresses perovskite degradation. Consequently, the unencapsulated mini-module retains 94.19% of their initial efficiency after aging for 10,190 hours under the ISOS-D-1 condition and 93.37% of their initial efficiency for 744 hours under the ISOS-L-2 condition. The optimized interface and perovskite films minimizes carrier transport loss, which result in the champion efficiency of 27.07 (certified 26.39%), 24.03, and 18.48% for PSC, mini-module and submodule (aperture area of 14.4 and 700 cm2), respectively.