Translational control in plants: from basic mechanisms to environmental and developmental responses

Protein synthesis is an essential process for all living organisms and is tightly regulated to ensure the proper production of proteins needed for growth, development, and stress responses. As sessile organisms, plants have evolved distinct mechanisms to regulate translation, allowing them to adapt to their environment. In this review, we highlight the general translation process, discuss the translational machinery in plants, and examine cis-regulatory elements that influence translation. Additionally, we explore recent studies on how plants regulate translation in response to environmental and developmental cues.