African swine fever control in the context of endemic persistence.

Increasing evidence suggests that, in some regions with prolonged ASFV circulation, ASF epidemiology is increasingly shaped by endemic persistence and ongoing viral diversification. Emerging attenuated and recombinant variants, together with evolving control strategies and increasing interest in vaccination, may alter transmission dynamics and the selective environment for the ASF-virus. At the same time, biological constraints associated with vaccine development and heterogeneity in surveillance systems may complicate disease detection and interpretation of emerging epidemiological patterns. We propose that ASF should increasingly be viewed as a long-term adaptive management challenge requiring coordinated approaches that integrate vaccination, surveillance, and evolutionary considerations across diverse production systems.