What drives smallholder participation in cloud forest restoration? The role of socioeconomic factors and forest‐related values

Abstract Introduction Forest restoration is a global priority, yet the role of socioeconomic factors, forest‐related values, and perceived barriers by smallholders in terms of participation in restoration initiatives remains underexplored. Objectives This study aimed to examine how household socioeconomic characteristics, forest‐related values, and perceived barriers are associated with smallholder participation in the restoration of tropical montane cloud forest (TMCF) in Veracruz, Mexico. Methods Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 93 landholders (55 participants and 38 non‐participants on the restoration initiative). A generalized linear model assessed the relationships between participation and socioeconomic variables. Perceived barriers and forest‐related values were examined through descriptive and comparative analyses to provide further insight into differences in value orientations between groups. Results Participation was positively related to having non‐farming occupations, greater household labor availability, and more diversified income sources. In contrast, it was negatively related to expectations of future land use change and ownership of larger plots. Participants and non‐participants recognized instrumental value of native trees, but participants more often emphasized intrinsic and relational values, such as legacy, belonging, and social connection. Conclusions Participation in TMCF restoration is shaped by socioeconomic factors, and forest‐related values provide interpretative insights into differences between participants and non‐participants. Explicit acknowledgment and incorporation of these values into restoration program design can strengthen the long‐term engagement, social legitimacy, and effectiveness of restoration initiatives.