An Update on Bile Acid‐Regulated Signalling in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Dysfunction‐Associated Steatotic Liver Disease

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a common metabolic disorder with rising global incidence without effective treatment. Emerging evidence highlights bile acids (BAs) as pivotal signalling molecules that modulate genes involved in their own metabolism and lipid homeostasis in hepatic and extrahepatic tissues, thereby influencing MASLD pathogenesis. These regulatory effects are primarily driven by the activation of nuclear receptors, including the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), vitamin D receptor (VDR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), and by the membrane-bound G protein-coupled receptors such as Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2). The distinct roles of these BA receptor-dependent signalling pathways in lipid homeostasis underscore their importance in MASLD development. Pharmacological strategies targeting BA-regulated pathways, particularly the FXR activation, have shown promise in MASLD treatment. Several FXR agonists, including obeticholic acid (OCA), cilofexor, and tropifexor, have progressed to clinical trials, demonstrating potential therapeutic efficacy. Additionally, recent studies identified several natural compounds-such as hyperoside, kaempferol, and salidroside-that exhibited direct or indirect FXR-modulating properties, suggesting their potential utility for novel anti-MASLD drug development. Further research into BA signalling mechanisms and the exploration of targeted therapies may provide novel and effective MASLD therapy.