Illuminating the Future of Catecholamine Detection.

Catecholamines such as dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) are critical neuromodulators which influence a wide range of physiological and behavioral processes. Optical sensors/probes are powerful tools to detect catecholamines with high spatial and temporal resolution, enabling real-time imaging in complex biological environments. In this review, we highlight recent advances in single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) sensors and genetically encoded sensors for fluorescence-based catecholamine detection. We illustrate how these technologies have enabled new biological discoveries by allowing the spatiotemporal mapping of catecholamine release dynamics with unprecedented resolution. We discuss the complementary features of these techniques and remaining key challenges including molecular selectivity, tailored kinetics, and enhanced tissue penetration. Finally, we outline future directions and opportunities for integrating these technologies into neuroscience research, aiming to expand our understanding of catecholaminergic signaling across scales.