Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy features and Helicobacter pylori infection among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus presenting with dyspepsia: A cross-sectional observational study.

BACKGROUND: Dyspepsia is a common gastrointestinal disorder frequently associated with Helicobacter pylori (H.Pylori) infection and may be exacerbated by Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Chronic hyperglycaemia and immune dysfunction in T2DM can increase susceptibility to H. pylori and worsen upper gastrointestinal (GI) pathology. This research aimed to compare endoscopic findings, histological changes, and H. pylori infection in dyspeptic patients with and without T2DM. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary care centre in South India. Total of 58 diabetics and 58 non-diabetic patients who consecutively presented with dyspepsia during the study period were included in the study. Demographic data, glycaemic parameters, and dyspeptic symptom duration were recorded. All subjects underwent upper GI endoscopy with biopsies for the Rapid Urease Test (RUT) and histopathological assessment of H. pylori. RESULTS: Diabetic patients reported significantly longer durations of dyspepsia and demonstrated a higher prevalence of H. pylori infection (56.9% vs. 32.8%) as compared with non-diabetic patients. Endoscopic examination revealed more frequent antral gastritis, fundal gastritis, and duodenitis in the diabetic group. CONCLUSION: T2DM patients with dyspepsia had more gastrointestinal lesions and increased H. pylori infection rates. Early H. pylori detection and eradication may improve both gastro-intestinal outcomes and overall patient management.