Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Swedish Children With Hearing Loss due to Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: A Cross-Sectional Study.

AIM: To investigate parent-reported psychiatric, neurodevelopmental and adaptive functioning outcomes in children with congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV)-related sensorineural hearing loss. METHODS: Parents of children aged 5-12 years were recruited nationwide in Sweden into three groups: children with congenital cytomegalovirus-related sensorineural hearing loss (n = 10), children with non-syndromic genetic hearing loss (n = 9) and typically developing controls with normal hearing (n = 23). Parents completed a background questionnaire, the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and the Five-to-Fifteen Revised (FTF-R). Group differences were analysed using non-parametric statistics. RESULTS: Children with congenital cytomegalovirus-related hearing loss had later identification of hearing loss, delayed onset of independent walking and a higher prevalence of neurodevelopmental conditions compared with children with genetic hearing loss. They also had significantly higher parent-reported psychiatric and developmental symptom levels than controls across all main clinical measures. Compared with the genetic hearing loss group, they demonstrated greater developmental difficulties, reduced social participation and poorer school functioning. CONCLUSION: Children with congenital cytomegalovirus-related hearing loss exhibit a substantial burden of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental symptoms extending beyond hearing loss alone. These findings highlight the importance of early identification, structured long-term follow-up and tailored interventions to support this vulnerable population.