Bridging Temporal and Spatial Scales: Contemporary Advances in EEG–fMRI Integration With a Focus on Epilepsy

INTRODUCTION: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures resulting from abnormal neuronal activity. Accurate localization of epileptogenic regions is critical for effective diagnosis and management, particularly in drug-resistant cases. Electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are complementary neuroimaging techniques that provide high temporal and spatial resolution, respectively. METHODS: This review synthesizes recent literature on the integration of EEG and fMRI, focusing on methodological developments, data acquisition strategies, and analytical approaches relevant to epilepsy research. RESULT: EEG-fMRI integration enhances the ability to capture both the temporal dynamics and spatial localization of epileptic activity, offering insights that may not be achievable using either modality alone. Recent advances demonstrate improved characterization of epileptogenic networks and potential clinical utility in presurgical evaluation. CONCLUSION: EEG-fMRI integration represents a promising approach for advancing the understanding and management of epilepsy. However, technical, analytical, and translational challenges remain, and further research is required to facilitate broader clinical adoption.