Grid-Forming Inverters Review: Control, Stability, and the Next Stage With Artificial Intelligence and Digital Twins

The rapid growth of Renewable Energy (RE) resources intensifies stability challenges due to their intermittency, especially in grids with low Short-Circuit Ratios (SCRs). Grid-Forming (GFM) inverters have gained prominence as a promising solution to these challenges, in contrast to Grid-Following (GFL) inverters that often fail to maintain synchronism. This review provides a structured synthesis of the existing literature on GFM inverters, with emphasis on control philosophies, stability perspectives, and conceptual frameworks that guide their application. It further discusses emerging themes such as the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Digital Twins (DTs), reflecting their growing relevance in shaping future research directions. Recent project experiences and industry developments are also reviewed to situate GFMs within broader market and deployment contexts. By consolidating diverse viewpoints and offering comparative insights, this paper serves as a reference for researchers and practitioners seeking to understand and advance the role of GFMs in renewable-rich power systems.