Next-Generation Management and Orchestration for 6G: Emerging Trends, Architectures, and Challenges

Traditional network management models are inadequate due to the increasing complexity of infrastructures and the growing complexity of user requirements, from ultra-low latency to massive device connectivity. As a result of the pursuit of sixth generation (6G) and beyond networks, the Management and Orchestration (MANO) of communication architectures requires a paradigm shift. To the best of our knowledge, a review covering the diverse challenges and open research issues in the area of MANO architectures for 6G and beyond networks is noticeably lacking. To fill this gap, we provide a comprehensive survey of the latest work on MANO frameworks that emphasizes the relationship between cloud-edge integration, terrestrial and non-terrestrial domains, and Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven approaches. The paper highlights emerging innovations in distributed intelligence, zero-touch automation, and virtualization for dynamic resource and service orchestration. Moreover, key functional layers such as radio access networks, transport, core, and internet of things are examined in the paper to identify current issues such as scalability, security, and cross-domain interoperability. The transformative potential of AI/machine learning, digital twin technologies, and standards-based collaboration to meet the stringent requirements of MANO in future 6G systems is demonstrated in the findings. Therefore, this research provides new insights and a future research agenda for building robust, agile, and energy-efficient MANO design and implementation in next-generation networks.