A bibliometric analysis on Industry 4.0 and firm performance: does COVID-19 matter?

Purpose This study aims to conduct a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to evaluate the impact of Industry 4.0 technologies on firm performance, with special attention to the transformative implications of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study examines the direction and dynamics of scholarly output from 2017 to 2024, shedding light on emerging themes, theoretical frameworks and research shifts. Design/methodology/approach The study employs bibliometric methods using data extracted from the Scopus database. Performance analysis techniques are used to identify publication trends, whereas science mapping techniques help visualize contributions by authors, institutions, journals and countries. The analysis focuses on two periods: pre- and post-COVID-19, to understand the pandemic’s influence on research activity. Findings The analysis reveals a sharp increase in publication output after 2020, with China emerging as the most prolific country and Harbin Institute of Technology as the leading institution. Influential authors such as Samuel Wamba Fosso and journals like Sustainability have driven scholarly output. Core research themes include digital transformation, AI, big data analytics and competitive advantage. Four keyword clusters were identified, emphasizing digital adoption, sustainability, strategic performance and technological innovation. The study also uncovers significant research gaps – particularly the underrepresentation of SMEs, limited longitudinal studies and a need for broader theoretical frameworks. Originality/value This paper offers a timely and novel contribution by being among the first bibliometric studies to examine Industry 4.0 and firm performance through a COVID-19 lens. In contrast to earlier reviews that lacked temporal differentiation or performance focus, this study identifies scholarly shifts, conceptual frameworks and strategic themes emerging during a global crisis. It provides actionable insights for academics, practitioners and policymakers seeking to leverage Industry 4.0 for resilient and sustainable business practices.