Digital-driven PjBL: reinforcing engagement and non-technical skills in engineering vocational education

Purpose This study aims to examine differences in student engagement between project-based learning (PjBL) with digital technology integration and PjBL with limited digital technology integration and investigate the influence of technology-enhanced PjBL on the development of non-technical competencies among vocational engineering students. Design/methodology/approach This quantitative study employed a survey design with total sampling, involving 1,341 vocational engineering students engaged in PjBL activities. Participants were grouped based on their involvement in PjBL with or without digital technology integration. Data were collected using a validated structured questionnaire measuring student engagement and non-technical skills. Findings The results indicate a statistically significant difference in average engagement scores between students participating in PjBL with digital technology and those with limited digital technology integration. Students in technology-supported PjBL demonstrated higher engagement levels. Linear regression analysis further revealed that digital technology use in PjBL had a positive and significant effect on the non-technical skills of engineering vocational students. Research limitations/implications The use of a questionnaire-based quantitative design limited insight into the dynamic processes underlying student engagement and non-technical skill development. Future studies are encouraged to incorporate qualitative approaches, such as interviews or classroom observations, to enrich understanding of the mechanisms through which technology integration in PjBL influences student engagement and non-technical skills. Originality/value This study contributes novel insights by addressing a gap in literature on the role of digital technology in developing non-technical skills within engineering vocational education. While previous PjBL studies have emphasized technical and cognitive outcomes, this study highlights the development of communication, collaboration, problem solving and creativity.