Nanostructured antimicrobial fertilizers for sustainable agriculture: integrating targeted pathogen suppression with controlled nutrient release and enhanced crop productivity.

The agricultural sector is facing greater challenges than ever to increase crop productivity while reducing chemical use and environmental impacts. By incorporating targeted pathogen suppression with controlled nutrient release mechanisms, nanostructured antimicrobial fertilizers can address these complex challenges. The information available on the development, characterization and application of nanostructured fertilizers with antimicrobial agents such as metal oxide nanoparticles (ZnO, CuO, and TiO2), silver nanoparticles and bioactive compounds is summarized in the present review. It discusses their multi-functional properties that suppress soil-borne and foliar pathogens and enable the slow release of macronutrients and micronutrients. The combination of antimicrobial activity and controlled nutrient delivery can reduce disease pressure, chemical pesticide use, and nutrient leaching losses while enhancing nutrient bioavailability and resource-use efficiency. Field trials have demonstrated that the application of nanostructured antimicrobial fertilizers is much more effective than the application of conventional fertilizers in terms of yield, quality of the crops and soil health parameters. However, there are still issues with cost-effectiveness, scalability, long-term environmental persistence and regulation. This review aims to highlight key knowledge gaps and recommendations for further development of this technology for commercialization and implementation in sustainable agriculture.