Identifying Distinct Tourette Disorder Subtypes using Clinical Data

Background Tourette Disorder (TD), or Tourette Syndrome, is a highly heterogeneous childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder with a global prevalence of 0.5%. TDs large phenotypic heterogeneity, variable heritability patterns, and frequent but varied comorbidity with other neurodevelopmental disorders indicate that different TD patients might have different etiologies. Objectives In this study, we performed unsupervised clustering of clinical data, such as categorical diagnoses and comorbidities, from 865 subjects with TD from the Tourette International Collaborative Genetics (TIC Genetics) study to detect Tourette Disorder subtypes. Methods We used two different clustering methods, K-Means and Bayesian Hierarchical Clustering to detect phenotypic subtypes. Results We identified five distinct, clinically relevant subtypes. These subtypes are characterized by both previously described TD comorbidities, such as Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), as well as other characteristics, such as sex and region. Conclusions Defining clinically relevant TD subtypes could enable better diagnostics, treatment, and the understanding of TD etiology. In addition, stratified analysis of genetic data based on these phenotypic subtypes may help identify genes contributing to each TD subtype and provide insights into the disease variability.