Therapeutic potential of propranolol in central nervous system disorders.

INTRODUCTION: Propranolol (Prop), a classic non-selective β-adrenergic receptor antagonist, has long played a significant role in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and arrhythmias. Compared with its peripheral regulatory effects, the potential therapeutic value of Prop in neurological disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), memory dysfunction, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), anxiety, migraine prophylaxis, and essential tremor is gradually being re-evaluated. METHODS: This review aims to integrate the latest evidence from clinical and preclinical studies, systematically reviewing the effects of Prop on neurological diseases and its potential mechanisms. RESULTS: Specifically, we explore its translational value from the perspective of β-adrenergic receptor subtype-specific regulation, thereby assessing its potential for precision medicine in neurology. DISCUSSION: Finally, this review outlines novel therapeutic strategies targeting β receptors for treating central nervous system (CNS) diseases, with the ultimate goal of providing a robust theoretical foundation and clear translational pathways for future drug development.