Synchronization between singer and pianist in Lied duos-an analysis of respiratory patterns during the performance of classical art songs.

INTRODUCTION: In Lied duos, the vocal and piano parts form an inseparable unit and are seamlessly interwoven, which requires a high level of communication skills from both the singer and the pianist during musical performances. Therefore, they are particularly interesting targets for investigating synchronization in musical ensembles. In this context, breathing plays a fundamental role for musicians when performing classical art songs, as it enables voice production while singing. In addition, it has been shown in other ensembles that respiratory patterns can support communication during a performance. However, little is known about the breathing patterns of Lied duos in terms of their synchronization. The aim of this study is to examine the interaction of respiration between singer and pianist and how the pianist's breathing patterns relate to those of the singer. METHODS: In this exploratory research study, the respiratory patterns of 12 professional musicians (six Lied duos) performing classical art songs-Die Liebe hat gelogen ("Love has lied") by Franz Schubert and Scheideblick ("A parting glance") by Josephine Lang-were analyzed in terms of synchronized inhalations. The singers' inhalations served as basis for the analyses, because voice production and, consequently, the musical phrases depend on those breathing patterns. Overall, 282 inhalations (141 by singers and 141 by pianists; 130 phrase-initial, 152 phrase-medial) were analyzed focusing on the onsets (beginning of inhalation) and the peaks (end of inhalation) as well as on the duration of each inhalation. RESULTS: Results show more synchronized breathing between singer and pianist at the beginning of a musical phrase. Furthermore, pianists seem to anticipate the singing part, indicated by earlier onsets of inhalation compared to the singer. This highlights the importance of the piano part, ensuring a cohesive and synchronized performance with the vocal partner. DISCUSSION: Overall, this exploratory study shows that breathing is adjusted taking into account both the Lied duo partner and the interpersonal coordination of both musicians as well as the musical structure of the piece. These findings contribute to a better understanding of communication processes in musical ensembles by examining, for the first time, the relationship between respiratory patterns in terms of synchronization in Lied duos.