Management of cryptozoospermia.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Cryptozoospermia, spermatozoa detectable only after centrifugation of the ejaculate, sits at the severe end of spermatogenic failure and is frequently misclassified as azoospermia. We review recent evidence on its accurate diagnosis and on optimizing the male to recover usable ejaculated sperm before defaulting to surgical retrieval. RECENT FINDINGS: Extended semen analysis reclassifies roughly one in five apparently azoospermic men as cryptozoospermic, and these men are genetically and prognostically distinct, with AZFc microdeletions strongly enriched. Hormonal therapy (selective estrogen receptor modulators, aromatase inhibitors, gonadotropins) helps a minority: eligibility is limited and benefit concentrates in normogonadotropic men, while men with azoospermia rarely respond. Microsurgical varicocelectomy improved semen parameters in about half of cryptozoospermic men with palpable varicoceles, frequently obviating surgical sperm retrieval. SUMMARY: Accurate diagnosis must precede management. In selected men, hormonal or surgical optimization can convert cryptozoospermia into an ejaculate adequate for assisted reproduction and spare an invasive retrieval, but the evidence remains largely observational and patient selection is paramount.