An Expedited Chart Review Process for Large Database Studies Using Natural Language Processing and Multiwave Adaptive Sampling

BACKGROUND: One of the ways to enhance analyses conducted with large claims databases is by validating the measurement characteristics of the code-based algorithms used to identify health outcomes or other key study parameters of interest. These metrics can be used in quantitative bias analyses to assess the robustness of results for an inferential study, given potential bias from outcome misclassification. However, performing this validation through manual chart review of free-text notes from linked electronic health records requires extensive time and resource allocation. METHODS: We describe an expedited process for validating code-based algorithms that introduces efficiency using two distinct mechanisms: (1) use of natural language processing to reduce the time spent by human reviewers to review each chart, and (2) a multiwave adaptive sampling approach with predefined criteria to stop the validation study once performance characteristics are identified with sufficient precision. We illustrate this process in a case study that validates the performance of a claims-based outcome algorithm for intentional self-harm in patients with obesity. RESULTS: We empirically demonstrate that the natural language processing-assisted annotation process reduced the time spent on review per chart by 40%, and the use of the predefined stopping rule with multiwave samples would have prevented review of 77% of patient charts with limited compromise to the precision of performance characteristics. CONCLUSION: This approach could facilitate more routine validation of code-based algorithms used to define key study parameters, ultimately enhancing understanding of the reliability of findings derived from database studies.