Lymphedema: The Overlooked Cardiovascular Disorder—Mechanisms, Manifestations, and Management

Lymphedema, a chronic disorder resulting from impaired lymphatic drainage, is increasingly recognized for its significant relevance to cardiovascular medicine. Its fundamental role in regulating systemic fluid homeostasis and inflammation positions it as a key factor in the pathophysiology of many cardiovascular conditions. This review aims to summarize the fundamental mechanisms of lymphatic dysfunction, elucidate its direct cardiovascular implications, and outline current and emerging management strategies. The content is tailored for a cardiology-focused audience to bridge the gap between peripheral lymphatic medicine and mainstream cardiovascular practice. Lymphatic dysfunction contributes to a cascade of pathological changes, including systemic and interstitial fluid overload, chronic inflammation, progressive tissue fibrosis, and adipose deposition. There is a critical, reciprocal relationship between lymphatic failure and cardiovascular conditions. Specifically, lymphatic dysfunction can exacerbate heart failure and impair postmyocardial infarction recovery, while conditions such as chronic venous disease and right heart failure directly overload and damage the lymphatic system, creating a vicious cycle of fluid accumulation. Lymphedema is an underrecognized systemic vascular condition, not merely a peripheral disorder of swelling. Integrating lymphatic assessment into routine cardiovascular practice could be beneficial for accurately diagnosing fluid overload states and mitigating the systemic inflammatory consequences of lymphatic failure. Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary management are crucial for improving outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease.