Martin N. Muigano, Jian Liu, Ke Liu, Peng Luo, Zhengrui Li, Jing‐Feng Li
The gut microbiome constitutes a dynamic and complex ecosystem within the human body, playing a crucial role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis, immune regulation, and disease prevention. Among the various factors shaping this ecosystem, dietary patterns represent a major determinant of microbial composition and function. Recent studies have identified dietary patterns as one of the primary factors influencing the composition and function of the gut microbiome. This review summarizes the effects of various dietary patterns, including the Mediterranean diet, vegetarianism, low-carbohydrate high-fat diets, and high-protein diets, on gut microbiome dynamics. Furthermore, it explores the mechanisms by which the gut microbiome contributes to the pathophysiology of multiple chronic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, osteoporosis, and neurodegenerative disorders. The potential of dietary interventions to improve health by modulating the gut microbiome is also evaluated, emphasizing recent findings that unveil the intricate network of dietary microbiome-host interactions. This review aims to provide a scientific basis for the development of future dietary strategies that leverage gut microbiome modulation, ultimately contributing to personalized nutrition and precision medicine.