Anther Dehiscence: Mechanisms, Regulation, and Environmental Sensitivity.

Anther dehiscence is a developmentally programmed, mechanically executed event essential for sexual reproduction in flowering plants. Dehiscence must be synchronized with microspore and pollen maturation, coordinated with filament elongation to ensure correct anther positioning, and remain robust under fluctuating environmental conditions, particularly humidity, which strongly influences dehydration kinetics. At the same time, rapid, sufficiently wide opening requires that spatiotemporal developmental programs be converted into physical forces within a multilayered tissue. Yet despite extensive work on its genetic regulation and physical basis, these dimensions are often treated separately, leaving unresolved how developmental patterning is translated into controlled force generation in the anther wall. Here, focusing primarily on Arabidopsis, we integrate molecular patterning with biomechanics to explain (i) how lineage specification establishes the cellular architecture required for dehiscence; (ii) how hormonal and receptor-kinase signaling synchronize developmental timing with organ-level readiness; and (iii) how dehydration-driven mechanics are regulated and locally executed through epidermal transpiration, cell death, and cell-wall remodeling. We further contrast dehiscence with abscission to highlight a shared logic of spatially patterned reinforcement coupled with focal weakening, and examine how hydration dynamics, tissue mechanics, and geometry shape the timing and extent of opening. Together, these perspectives establish anther dehiscence as a model for understanding how developmental programs are translated into coordinated tissue mechanics and organ-level function.