Influence of subduction history and mineral deformation on seismic anisotropy in the lower mantle

SUMMARY Seismic observations reveal significant anisotropy in the D$^{\prime \prime }$ region, providing direct constraints on mantle flow and deformation. However, the global anisotropy pattern and its relationship with subduction history, mineral deformation and rheology in the lower mantle remain unclear. We analyse published regional shear-wave splitting and null measurements, along with waveform inversions, which reveal rapid lateral variations in anisotropy near the edges of large low shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs). We combine mineral physics results of temperature- and pressure-dependent elastic tensors, slip systems and phase transition mechanisms to explore potential deformation scenarios. We set up models that begin with dynamic thermochemical convection, tracking the deformation history driven by the subduction, evolving crystal fabrics and cumulative seismic anisotropy. Models show that post-perovskite (pPv) with a (001)-dominant slip system, combined with viscosity changes and texture inheritance during the bridgmanite-post-perovskite (Br-pPv) phase transition and the reverse transition, best reproduces the distinct anisotropy patterns observed in upwelling regions such as plume roots and LLSVP edges. The nominal model is time-dependent, showing strong seismic anisotropy when slabs impinge on the core–mantle boundary that diminishes toward the LLSVP, followed by plume development at the LLSVP edge with significant anisotropy. Within LLSVPs, internal convective upwellings and downwellings can explain the intermittent, spatially clustered anisotropy. We further demonstrate the potential for constraining LLSVP composition through the observed weaker anisotropy within these structures compared to the surrounding mantle, with our results favouring a Br-rich composition. Computations indicate that the bulk of the lower mantle remains nearly isotropic despite significant texture accumulation through dislocation glide, and that seismic anisotropy can extend several hundred kilometers above the core–mantle boundary.