Temporal dynamics of color polymorphism and hybridization in <i>Colias</i> butterflies

Abstract Investigations into the genetic basis of color polymorphism have played a key role in our understanding of genetic architecture and the evolution of mating systems. Sulfur butterflies (Colias) have been models in this field, but also contain unsolved puzzles with respect to species boundaries and hybridization. We surveyed genomic variation across 5 years in a location where phenotypic intermediates between Colias eurytheme and C. eriphyle are observed, but ancestry variation of potential hybrids has not been quantified. Our results reveal individuals with hybrid ancestry roughly in proportion to the frequency of individuals of intermediate phenotype recorded in the wild. Individuals with hybrid ancestry were predominantly those with intermediate morphologies, but morphologically intermediate individuals were not always of hybrid origin, which raises alternative possibilities for the origin and maintenance of color variation in the system. Genomic regions differentiated between species are largely located on the Z chromosome, and we find more candidates on autosomes than in another Colias contact zone. The dynamics of hybridization in this system are highly variable through time, suggesting fertile avenues for future study into the maintenance of species boundaries in the face of temporally variable, climatically influenced, and pervasive hybridization.