A cultural approach to gender role development in Chinese American adolescents: Transmission of beliefs from fathers to sons.

The study examined the transmission of Confucian-influenced gender role beliefs from Chinese American fathers to their adolescent sons, through fathers' parenting hostility and the cultural construct of shaming. Participants included fathers, mothers, and adolescents from Wave 2 (adolescent Mage = 17.04 years; 58% female and 42% male; collected in 2006) and Wave 3 (collected in 2010) of a study of 444 Chinese American families from the West Coast of the United States. Fathers' gender role beliefs indirectly predicted increases in male adolescents' beliefs from adolescence to emerging adulthood, through fathers' reports of hostility (b = .042, 95% CI = [0.001, 0.097]) and adolescents' reports of shaming (b = .038, 95% CI = [0.002, 0.090]). Gender socialization occurs through general parenting practices, and cultural measures are integral for understanding Chinese American male adolescents' gender development.