M. Daca-Alvarez, Cristina Manzotti, Diana Zaffalon, Isabel Portillo, Luis Bujanda, Ines Gil-Lasa, Gemma Ibáñez-Sanz, Xavier Sanjuan, Alberto Herreros-de-Tejada, Inmaculada Salces, L. Aguilera, Marta Ponce, Ángeles E. Pizarro, David Barquero, Ignasi Puig, Peña Redondo, F. Martinez De Juan, V Morales, Marco Alburquerque, Salvador Machlab, Ángel Ferrández, Beatriz Peñas, Alvaro Diaz-González, Lluïsa Sargatal, Rodrigo Jover, L Alba Hernández, A. Pérez Pedrosa, Eva Musulén, Goretti Hernández, Marita Trelles, Akiko Ono, Jorge Lopez Vicente, Raquel Bravo, Juan Ramón Ayuso, Àngels Ginés, Karmele Sáez de Gordoa, Míriam Cuatrecasas, Maria Pellisé, G Casanova, O Murcia, M Jimeno, N Ascon, F Balaguer
BACKGROUND: Accurate locoregional staging is critical in the management of T1 rectal cancer and guides organ-preserving strategies. Despite guideline recommendations, the real-world performance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) remains unclear. This study aims to evaluate the use and accuracy of locoregional staging in T1 rectal cancer. METHODS: Retrospective analysis was performed from a nationwide multicentre T1 colorectal cancer cohort (EpiT1 Consortium) between 2007 and 2018 with a 5-year follow-up. Locoregional staging methods included MRI and EUS. Multivariable logistic regression identified factors associated with locoregional imaging. The accuracy of each technique and their combination for T and N staging was assessed. RESULTS: Among 3161 patients with T1 colorectal cancer, 681 had rectal cancer, of which 424 (62.3%) underwent locoregional staging: 234 (55.2%) with MRI only, 131 (30.9%) with both MRI and EUS, and 59 (13.9%) with EUS only. Factors associated with imaging (MRI and EUS) included management at a referral centre (odds ratio 2.9, 95% confidence interval 1.5 to 5.7), tumour location in the low/middle rectum (odds ratio 3.2, 1.8 to 5.7), suspicion of invasive carcinoma at colonoscopy (odds ratio 2.4, 1.3 to 4.5), and high-risk histological features (odds ratio 3.7, 1.8 to 7.4). MRI accurately staged T in 28.3%, whereas EUS achieved an accuracy of 59% for T staging. Combining modalities overstaged 67.1% of tumours for T staging. N staging was detected with ≤ 16% sensitivity across all strategies; in the surgical group (MRI and/or EUS), overall accuracy was 78%. CONCLUSION: Locoregional staging varied widely and was influenced by non-tumour-related factors. MRI and EUS showed modest accuracy, overstaging T, and low sensitivity for N. These findings highlight the need to improve pretreatment evaluation of T1 rectal cancer.