A versatile dexterous robotic wrist: lightweight, modular, and pose-adaptive.

Dual-arm robots are gaining prominence in modern industrial automation, particularly in smart manufacturing, driven by their exceptional flexibility, collaborative potential, and anthropomorphic design. Modern applications increasingly demand capabilities in complex assembly, precision manipulation, and close human-robot interaction. Consequently, integrating dexterous wrist joints into dual-arm systems has emerged as a critical research frontier to enhance their adaptability and collaborative performance. This study presents a lightweight, modular, and dexterous robotic wrist inspired by human wrist anatomy. The physical prototype is highly compact, weighing 496 g with a volume of 436 cm³. Experimental results demonstrate a payload capacity of 2 kg and spatial rotations comparable to human wrist flexion and extension. The robotic wrist is driven by an encoder-equipped servo motor and incorporates a high-precision Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) for spatial orientation tracking. Real-time IMU feedback of three-axis angular variations enables dynamic adjustment of the motor torque, thereby ensuring stable payload performance and spatial adaptability. To validate its practical utility, two prototype wrists are integrated into a dual-arm robot, demonstrating enhanced flexibility and bimanual grasping capabilities. Extensive experimental results confirm the effectiveness and real-world applicability of the proposed design.