Coming Into Queer: A Mixed-Method Exploration of Queer Socialization Experiences among LGBTQ+ Emerging Adults

Little is known about how LGBTQ+ youth are socialized into queer identities; therefore, in two pre-registered mixed-method studies, we examined queer socialization by two potential socialization agents—primary caregivers and LGBTQ+ elders. In Study 1, LGBTQ+ emerging adults (N = 309) reported on queer socialization experiences, LGBTQ+ psychosocial functioning, and general psychological well-being. Quantitative results indicated three major types of queer socialization: identity affirmation, identity disapproval, and cultural socialization. Overall, socialization experiences tended to be positive. Primary caregivers and LGBTQ+ elders both engaged in identity affirmation and cultural socialization more often than identity disapproval. Primary caregivers more often engaged in identity disapproval than LGBTQ+ elders, whereas LGBTQ+ elders more often engaged in cultural socialization. Queer socialization was associated with LGBTQ+ psychosocial functioning and general well-being. In Study 2, we conducted follow-up interviews with eight participants from Study 1 about their queer socialization experiences. Qualitative analysis yielded information about queer socialization agents and spaces, socialization processes and messages, and ideas about what is needed for generative queer socialization. We discuss implications for positive LGBTQ+ identity development, emphasizing the need for meaningful contact with LGBTQ+ elders.