A Comprehensive Review of Chitosan-Composite Materials and Their Applications

Chitosan (CS) is a widely studied and utilized polysaccharide-based polymer known for its exceptional versatility and eco-friendly profile. Derived from chitin found in crustacean exoskeletons, chitosan is produced via alkaline deacetylation, a process that enhances its reactivity and allows precise control over properties such as degree of deacetylation (DDA) and molecular weight (MW). These tunable characteristics enable its integration into polymer blends, hybrid materials, and composite systems, making it suitable for diverse applications. Its biodegradability, non-toxicity, and strong antimicrobial activity have positioned chitosan as a valuable material in both the food industry and biomedical fields, including wound healing, drug delivery, and tissue engineering. Recent research highlights the benefits of chitosan-based composite films enriched with natural bioactive extracts, which exhibit improved mechanical strength, microbial resistance, and biocompatibility. This review explores advancements in chitosan composites, emphasizing their mechanical robustness, thermal stability, and flame-retardant properties. Additionally, it examines the expanding industrial applications of chitosan across agriculture, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and environmental engineering. The growing interest in chitosan underscores its promise as a sustainable, multifunctional material poised to drive future innovations across scientific and industrial domains.