Tarek Ali, Dr Mohammed Al-Khalidi, Rabab Al-Zaidi
In recent decades, indoor positioning systems have progressed rapidly to service various areas, including navigation systems, tracking devices, and autonomous vehicle management. In contrast to the outdoor positioning system, where the global navigation satellite system is a known typical technology, there is no standard indoor environment, despite the availability of miscellaneous connections of wireless networks, including a new lower-power version of Bluetooth, Radiofrequency (RF), Wi-Fi, RFID, vlc, and Ultrasonic. Within these technologies, the Ultrasonic position system (UPS) provides an outstanding implementation option because of its high precision and cheap cost. Although UPS provides several benefits, it faces obstacles from propagation circumstances like multipath and Doppler effect. Consequently, although various ultrasonic systems have been developed in recent decades, the issues remain an active and open subject. In this survey article, a comparison will be made between current scientific studies that will be categorized into several categories based on the method used to determine the location of objects as time-of-flight (ToA), round-trip-time (RTT), received-signal-strength (RSSI), and aoa. Furthermore, this study aims to assess the precision and efficacy of existing positioning systems comprehensively. The survey endeavours to present a thorough overview of critical attributes of alternative systems, encompassing their respective positioning methodologies, techniques, and measurement algorithms. Additionally, we will appraise these systems' constraints, considering factors such as precision, noise levels, and detection methodologies. Advanced simulation tools will be employed to replicate diverse scenarios to facilitate this evaluation.