From sorogan to digital learning: a systematic literature network analysis of pesantren learning models

This study examines the evolution of learning models in Indonesian pesantren from 2007 to 2025 using a Systematic Literature Network Analysis (SLNA) based on Scopus-indexed publications. The research aims to identify major trends and factors shaping the transformation of pesantren education as it balances traditional Islamic pedagogy with contemporary, technology-enhanced learning approaches. Employing a mixed bibliometric and systematic review methodology within the PRISMA framework, the study analyzed 86 peer-reviewed articles through citation, co-authorship, and co-word analyses using VOSviewer. The results reveal a progressive shift from classical methods such as Sorogan and Bandongan toward hybrid and digital-based models emphasizing inclusivity, character education, and technological literacy. While pesantren continue to preserve their religious and cultural integrity, they increasingly integrate digital tools to address globalization and modern educational demands. Key challenges include balancing heritage with innovation, infrastructural disparities, and uneven digital adoption. This study contributes a longitudinal understanding of pesantren’s pedagogical transformation, offering theoretical and practical insights for policymakers and educators. Despite limitations related to database scope, the integration of bibliometric and systematic approaches in this SLNA provides a robust analytical framework for examining complex educational shifts within Islamic learning institutions.