The roles and mechanisms of natural compounds in preventing and treating viral reproductive disorders in major economic livestock.

Reproductive disorders from viral infections cause major economic losses in livestock. This review provides a comprehensive mapping of natural compounds (monomers, extracts, and traditional Chinese medicine formulas) against 12 key viruses causing reproductive disorders in pigs, cattle, and sheep. A total of 297 independent studies were included. The compounds targeted multiple nodes within four conserved host signaling networks: NF-κB (TLR4, p65, IRF3, IκBα, ERK1/2), MAPK (p38 MAPK, JNK), apoptosis-related factors (Caspase-3, Bcl-2, Bax), and autophagy-related factors (AKT, p62). By modulating these networks, this multi-target, on-demand regulatory strategy endows natural compounds with broad-spectrum regulatory effects on host responses and the ability to reduce drug resistance. These findings consequently provide a theoretical basis for developing a single natural product combination that is effective against multiple reproductive disorder viruses.