The potential of plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles from <i>Centella asiatica</i> leaves (CA-PDENs) for anti-inflammation and prevention of UVB-induced photoaging

Aims This study aimed to isolate plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles from Centella asiatica leaves (CA-PDENs) and evaluate their anti-inflammatory and anti-photoaging potential.Materials & methods CA-PDENs were isolated via differential centrifugation and polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, then characterized physically and proteomically Anti-inflammatory effects were assessed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Anti-Photoaging potential was evaluated in ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced 1BR3 fibroblasts. Antibacterial activity against Cutibacterium acnes was also evaluated.Results CA-PDENs are homogenous, spherical vesicles containing metabolite biosynthesis enzymes. They showed no cytotoxicity and were efficiently internalized. Functionally, CA-PDENs significantly suppressed nitric oxide production, indicating pronounced early-phase anti-inflammatory activity, while CD80, CD206, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) modulation showed consistent but non-significant trends. In fibroblasts, CA-PDENs exhibited strong antioxidant activity, reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), attenuated collagen degradation, and enhanced wound closure. Moderate antibacterial activity was also observed.Conclusions CA-PDENs possess robust anti-inflammatory and photoprotective properties, supporting their potential as multifunctional nanocosmetic ingredients.