The oral microbiome in aging: a window into health and longevity

Background: Aging is characterized by progressive physiological decline and increased susceptibility to age-related diseases. The oral microbiome, a complex community of microorganisms, has been increasingly recognized as a potential key player in the aging process. Objective: This review aims to explore and summarize the relationship between the oral microbiome and aging, with a specific focus on contrasting microbial changes in healthy and unhealthy aging populations. Design: We conducted a comprehensive review of the current literature to synthesize evidence on oral microbiome shifts during aging, the influencing factors, associations with age-related conditions, and potential interventions. Results: Evidence indicates that the composition of the oral microbiome changes with age, although findings on diversity are inconsistent, with reports of both increases and decreases in older adults. These shifts are influenced by factors such as diet, oral hygiene, and immune function. Unhealthy aging, including conditions like frailty, neurodegenerative diseases, and sarcopenia, is associated with distinct oral dysbiosis. Potential mechanisms linking the oral microbiome to aging include chronic inflammation and immunosenescence. Interventions targeting the oral microbiome, such as probiotics and dietary modifications, show promise in promoting healthspan. Conclusions: The oral microbiome is significantly altered during aging and is implicated in age-related health status. It represents a promising target for strategies aimed at promoting healthy aging. Future research should prioritize elucidating the functional mechanisms of oral microbiota and developing targeted microbiome-based interventions.