Navigating the Complexities of Developing a Longitudinal Health Evaluation: Creating Special Olympics Project ALL STAR.

Evaluating long-standing community-based programs like Special Olympics (SO) presents unique challenges, particularly when assessing long-term health outcomes for individuals with intellectual disability (ID). This article describes the development of Project ALL STAR (Active Life and Longevity: Special Olympics Transforming Athlete Results), a longitudinal evaluation designed to measure the physical, mental, and social-emotional health impacts of SO participation. Led by Special Olympics International, in collaboration with academic researchers and adults with ID, the planning process emphasized inclusive and community-engaged methods. Key challenges included navigating SO's federated infrastructure, addressing variability in program delivery, building evaluation capacity, and balancing scientific rigor with practical feasibility. Advisory boards composed of athletes and researchers guided the selection of outcome measures and ensured relevance and accessibility. Project ALL STAR reframes SO as a community-based public health intervention and serves as a model for evaluating large-scale, community-based programs. This article offers practical guidance by sharing lessons learned from developing a scalable, inclusive, community-engaged longitudinal evaluation framework to improve health outcomes among people with ID.