Why is it necessary to implement the common but differentiated responsibilities principle to achieve global clean energy sustainability?

The global shift to clean energy is crucial for climate change mitigation and achieving the UN SDGs. However, inequities in emissions, technology, and finances between developed and developing nations hinder progress toward SDG 7 (affordable and clean energy) and SDG 13 (climate action). These disparities underscore the need for the Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) principle in clean energy governance, an area that remains underexplored despite its relevance. This study explores CBDR's role in the equitable global clean energy transition. Through qualitative analysis of international agreements, energy policies, and regional case studies, it highlights disparities in renewable adoption: Germany derived 56% of its electricity from renewables in 2025, while Africa's share of global solar PV capacity remains 2–% despite growth. Developing regions face financial barriers, with Latin America and the Caribbean needing USD 150 billion annually by 2030 to meet decarbonization targets. Rooted in differing historical emissions (U.S. and EU cumulative responsibility twice China's since 1850) and current capabilities, these gaps underscore differentiated responsibilities. The study shows that robust CBDR implementation—through climate finance, technology transfer, and cooperation—s essential for aligning climate action with developmental equity and enabling progress on SDGs 7 and 13.