Scenario model–driven CPS design: methods and applications

Advancing AI enhances CPS capabilities but complicates human-system interactions. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a scenario-driven CPS design method based on an industrial-intelligence framework, focusing on system elements, hierarchies, and activities. We apply this framework to diverse scenarios—including power-system maintenance, flight management, and intelligent mining—using model-based techniques. These applications validate the framework’s effectiveness and provide a robust modeling foundation for real-world CPS development.