Sara Torabi, Mohammad Ali Taheri, Farid Semsarha, A. Hamidi, Mubshar Hussain, MirSaeid Moghadampour, Fariba Mohammadifard
< 0.05), whereas effects under more severe stress were limited. Under nonstress conditions, T2 markedly increased seedling growth and vigor, with 2-3-fold increases in root and shoot dry weights and 3-4-fold increases in seedling vigor indices compared with those of the control. In the pot experiments, T2 increased shoot length by ~25% and chlorophyll and carotenoid contents by ~60%, while T1 increased protein content by ~25%. Both fields elevated SOD-specific activity by ~50%. Overall, T1 and T2 improved germination, growth, and biochemical traits, indicating their potential to mitigate drought stress in wheat; thus, their application could be recommended as a qualitative strategy to enhance wheat performance under water-limited conditions.