A cooperative game model for emergency transportation planning using the internet of things

Emerging technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), have profoundly impacted digital healthcare infrastructure. This paper introduces a Cooperative Game Model (CGM) for ETP, leveraging IoT to enhance operational efficiency. The proposed model optimizes network management by minimizing service time and expanding coverage radius. Five Cooperative Game Theory (CGT) methods were employed: Shapley value, τ-value, Core center, Equal Saving Method (ESM), and Least Core. Additionally, four distinct scenarios were examined to address demand uncertainty. Given that Emergency Transportation Planning (ETP) coordination is classified as an NP-hard problem, four metaheuristic algorithms were implemented to efficiently solve medium- and large-scale scenarios. Numerical experiments, utilizing real-world data from a district in Tehran, demonstrate that strengthening collaborative mechanisms significantly enhances system performance. Moreover, the findings offer valuable managerial insights into the practical applicability of the proposed methods.