Alcohol and energy drink co-use among commercial drivers in Ghana: A dangerous mix for occupational health and safety.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of alcohol mixed with energy drink (AmED) usage among commercial drivers in Ghana and examine associated demographic, behavioral, physical, and psychosocial work factors. METHODS: This analytical cross-sectional study used a convenience sampling technique to recruit 7,540 commercial drivers from the Greater Accra Region. Bivariate analyses and hierarchical binary logistic regression were used to identify individual and organization factors associated with AmED use. Independent-samples t-tests were performed to compare users and non-users on safety- and mental health-related outcomes. Analysis was done using Jamovi statistical software version 2.6.23.0. RESULTS: About 29% of drivers reported the use of AmED during work in the 30 days prior to data collection. AmED use was more prevalent among younger drivers and those with shorter driving experience, longer work hours, and reported higher job demands and job insecurity. Drivers reporting AmED use showed statistically higher rates of risky driving indicators, sleep problems, and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that AmED use is relatively common among commercial drivers in Ghana. One out of every four drivers sampled use AmED during work. It is recommended that road safety agencies in Ghana implement routine random roadside alcohol and stimulant screening (including AmED detection) among commercial drivers to enhance monitoring and early identification of potential driving impairment.